Almost Perfect Shadow Prices

Shadow prices simplify the derivation of optimal trading strategies in markets with transaction costs by transferring optimization into a more tractable, frictionless market. This paper establishes that a na\"ive shadow price Ansatz for maximizing long term returns given average volatility yields a strategy that is, for small bid-ask-spreads, asymptotically optimal at third order. Considering the second-order impact of transaction costs, such a strategy is essentially optimal. However, for risk aversion different from one, we devise alternative strategies that outperform the shadow market at fourth order. Finally, it is shown that the risk-neutral objective rules out the existence of shadow prices.