English

AI Propaganda factories with language models

Cryptography and Security 2025-08-29 v1 Artificial Intelligence Computers and Society

Abstract

AI-powered influence operations can now be executed end-to-end on commodity hardware. We show that small language models produce coherent, persona-driven political messaging and can be evaluated automatically without human raters. Two behavioural findings emerge. First, persona-over-model: persona design explains behaviour more than model identity. Second, engagement as a stressor: when replies must counter-arguments, ideological adherence strengthens and the prevalence of extreme content increases. We demonstrate that fully automated influence-content production is within reach of both large and small actors. Consequently, defence should shift from restricting model access towards conversation-centric detection and disruption of campaigns and coordination infrastructure. Paradoxically, the very consistency that enables these operations also provides a detection signature.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2508.20186,
  title  = {AI Propaganda factories with language models},
  author = {Lukasz Olejnik},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2508.20186},
  year   = {2025}
}
R2 v1 2026-07-01T05:09:06.243Z