English

Affine monodromy and exact value distributions over finite fields

Number Theory 2026-07-09 v1 Algebraic Geometry

Abstract

We study finite field value distributions through the fixed-point statistics of monodromy groups. For a regular degree-nn cover, omitted values are controlled by derangements. Thus natural symmetric monodromy gives support density 1Dn/n!1e11-D_n/n!\to 1-e^{-1}, while the Cameron--Cohen bound gives the universal ceiling 11/n1-1/n, attained by sharply 22-transitive affine monodromy. We give an explicit polynomial realization of this optimal mechanism. For N=peN=p^e and hN1h\mid N-1, set ΛN,h(U)=U(U(N1)/h1)h. \Lambda_{N,h}(U)=U\bigl(U^{(N-1)/h}-1\bigr)^h . Its geometric Galois closure is rational, U=zh,T=(zNz)h, U=z^h, \qquad T=(z^N-z)^h, and its geometric monodromy is the affine group (\FN,+)Hh(\F_N,+)\rtimes H_h. For every extension \FQ/\Fp\F_Q/\F_p we compute the complete fibre enumerator of ΛN,h\Lambda_{N,h} exactly, including the nonregular cases. In the full affine case h=N1h=N-1, the polynomial U(U1)N1 U(U-1)^{N-1} attains the Wan--Shiue--Chen upper bound for non-permutation polynomials over every finite field containing \FN\F_N; over arbitrary extensions we compute the exact defect from that bound.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2607.09799,
  title  = {Affine monodromy and exact value distributions over finite fields},
  author = {David Kumallagov},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2607.09799},
  year   = {2026}
}

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26 pages