English

A typical number is extremely non-normal

Number Theory 2021-01-20 v2

Abstract

Fix a positive integer N2N\geq2. For a real number x[0,1]x\in[0,1] and a digit i{0,1,...,N1}i\in\{0, 1,...,N-1\}, let Πi(x,n)\Pi_i(x, n) denote the frequency of the digit ii among the first nn NN-adic digits of xx. It is well-known that for a typical (in the sense of Baire) x[0,1]x\in[0, 1], the frequencies diverge as nn\rightarrow\infty. In this paper we provide a substantial strengthening of this result. Namely, we show that for a typical x[0,1]x\in[0, 1] any regular linear average of the sequence (Πi(x,n))n(\Pi_i(x, n))_n also diverges spectacularly.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2006.02202,
  title  = {A typical number is extremely non-normal},
  author = {Anastasios Stylianou},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2006.02202},
  year   = {2021}
}

Comments

Updated version includes mention of Olsen and West's work published shortly after first version

R2 v1 2026-06-23T16:01:28.843Z