A theory of the invariants obtained from the moduli stacks of stable objects on a smooth polarized surface

Let $X$ be a smooth polarized algebraic surface over the compex number field. We discuss the invariants obtained from the moduli stacks of semistable sheaves of arbitrary ranks on $X$. For that purpose, we construct the virtual fundamental classes of some moduli stacks, and we show the transition formula of the integrals over the moduli stacks of the $\delta$-stable Bradlow pairs for the variation of the parameter $\delta$. Then, we study the relation among the invariants. In the case $p_g>0$, we show that the invariants are independent of the choice of a polarization of $X$. We also show that the invariants can be reduced to the invariants obtained from the moduli of abelian pairs and the Hilbert schemes. In the case $p_g=0$, we obtain the weak wall crossing formula and the weak intersection rounding formula, which describes the dependence of the invariants on the polarization.