A smooth BTZ black bounce with an extremal null throat
Abstract
We study a static, circularly symmetric deformation of the non-rotating BTZ black hole obtained by inserting a smooth transition function into the \emph{inverse} radial metric component, with , leaving untouched. This was motivated by the proposal that such a construction realizes a Lorentzian-to-Riemannian signature change at the horizon; we show that it does not. In coordinates with an advanced time, the metric extends real-analytically across , and the extension is Lorentzian: is a regular null hypersurface, a degenerate Killing horizon with vanishing surface gravity, beyond which lies a second, isometric copy of the exterior. The areal radius has a minimum there, so the geometry is a black bounce; the would-be Riemannian branch is a separate geometry the Lorentzian sector never reaches. We give the effective source in closed form, an invariant account of the energy conditions, and identify the near-throat geometry as AdS. The scalar effective potential is proven strictly positive for every mode, and the throat circle is a minimal surface whose length gives an entropy , reproduced independently by the Wald--Noether charge and by a Cardy estimate from the computed Brown--York mass -- concordant results for which no first law is available since . The throat carries an Aretakis-type instability, with a conserved leading transverse derivative and a linearly growing subleading one. We also record a negative result: smoothing instead, as in the Lorentzian-Euclidean Schwarzschild proposal, is singular at the horizon for any finite smoothing width. We state explicitly what the construction does not establish.
Keywords
Cite
@article{arxiv.2608.04461,
title = {A smooth BTZ black bounce with an extremal null throat},
author = {Farzad Milani},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2608.04461},
year = {2026}
}
Comments
26 pages, 6 Figures, 5 appendices, and 33 references