English

A smooth BTZ black bounce with an extremal null throat

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology 2026-08-05 v1

Abstract

We study a static, circularly symmetric deformation of the non-rotating BTZ black hole obtained by inserting a smooth transition function into the \emph{inverse} radial metric component, grr=Sδ(r)F(r)g^{rr}=S_\delta(r)F(r) with Sδ=tanh[(rrh)/δ]S_\delta=\tanh[(r-r_h)/\delta], leaving gtt=Fg_{tt}=-F untouched. This was motivated by the proposal that such a construction realizes a Lorentzian-to-Riemannian signature change at the horizon; we show that it does not. In coordinates rrh=q2r-r_h=q^2 with an advanced time, the metric extends real-analytically across r=rhr=r_h, and the extension is Lorentzian: q=0q=0 is a regular null hypersurface, a degenerate Killing horizon with vanishing surface gravity, beyond which lies a second, isometric copy of the exterior. The areal radius has a minimum there, so the geometry is a black bounce; the would-be Riemannian branch is a separate geometry the Lorentzian sector never reaches. We give the effective source in closed form, an invariant account of the energy conditions, and identify the near-throat geometry as AdS2×S1_2\times S^1. The scalar effective potential is proven strictly positive for every mode, and the throat circle is a minimal surface whose length gives an entropy πrh/2G\pi r_h/2G, reproduced independently by the Wald--Noether charge and by a Cardy estimate from the computed Brown--York mass -- concordant results for which no first law is available since κ=0\kappa=0. The throat carries an Aretakis-type instability, with a conserved leading transverse derivative and a linearly growing subleading one. We also record a negative result: smoothing gttg_{tt} instead, as in the Lorentzian-Euclidean Schwarzschild proposal, is singular at the horizon for any finite smoothing width. We state explicitly what the construction does not establish.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2608.04461,
  title  = {A smooth BTZ black bounce with an extremal null throat},
  author = {Farzad Milani},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2608.04461},
  year   = {2026}
}

Comments

26 pages, 6 Figures, 5 appendices, and 33 references