A Reduced Action Integral for Photon-Photon Interactions in Vacuum
Abstract
Electromagnetic waves propagating through vacuum can polarize virtual electron-positron pairs; this polarization, in turn, nonlinearly modifies their propagation. A semi-classical nonlinear wave equation describing the propagation is derived from the Euler--Heisenberg Lagrangian density, which captures vacuum polarization effects up to the one-loop level. Here, we present a reduced-action-integral approach that enables rapid modeling of nonlinear phenomena arising from the Euler--Heisenberg Lagrangian. Application of the variational principle to the reduced action provides equations of motion for familiar light-pulse parameters, such as spot size, phase, polarization, and phase-front curvature, without requiring full-field simulations. Three examples demonstrate the utility of the approach: phase modulation, birefringence, and frequency mixing.
Cite
@article{arxiv.2512.15731,
title = {A Reduced Action Integral for Photon-Photon Interactions in Vacuum},
author = {D. Ramsey and M. S. Formanek and J. P. Palastro},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2512.15731},
year = {2026}
}