Gallium oxide (Ga2O3) is a wide-bandgap semiconductor with promising applications in high-power and high-frequency electronics. However, its complex polymorphic nature poses substantial challenges for fundamental studies, particularly in understanding phase-transformation behaviors under nonequilibrium conditions. Here, we develop a robust, accurate, and computationally efficient machine-learning interatomic potential (MLIP) for Ga2O3 based on the neuroevolution potential (NEP) framework combined with an energy-dependent weighting strategy. The resulting NEP potential demonstrates clear advantages over the state-of-the-art tabGAP potential with respect to both accuracy and computational efficiency. Furthermore, we introduce a physically process-oriented sampling strategy to systematically augment the training dataset, thereby enhancing the MLIP performance for targeted physical phenomena. As a representative application, a dedicated NEP potential is constructed for swift heavy-ion (SHI) irradiation simulations of \b{eta}-Ga2O3. The simulated results are in quantitative agreement with experimental observations and provide a consistent physical explanation for the reported experimental discrepancies regarding phase transformations in the ion track of \b{eta}-Ga2O3.
@article{arxiv.2601.10174,
title = {A Neuroevolution Potential for Gallium Oxide: Accurate and Efficient Modeling of Polymorphism and Swift Heavy-Ion Irradiation},
author = {Yaohui Gu and Binbo Li and Lingyang Jiang and Yuhui Hu and Wenqiang Liu and Lijun Xu and Pengfei Zhai and Jie Liu and Jinglai Duan},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2601.10174},
year = {2026}
}