English

A milli-Tidal Disruption Event Model for GRB$\;$250702B: Main Sequence Star Disrupted by an IMBH

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena 2025-12-18 v1

Abstract

GRB  \;250702B is the longest GRB recorded so far, with multiple gamma-ray emission episodes spread over a duration exceeding 25  25\;ks and a weaker soft X-ray pre-peak 1  \sim1\;day gradually rising emission. It is offset from its host galaxy center by 5.7  \sim5.7\;kpc, and displays a long-lived afterglow emission in radio to X-ray. Its true nature is unclear, with the two leading candidate classes of objects being a peculiar type of ultra-long GRB and a tidal disruption event (TDE) by an intermediate mass black hole (IMBH). Here, we consider the latter, mTDE origin. We model the afterglow data, finding a stratified external density profile rk\propto r^{-k} with k=1.60±0.17k=1.60\pm0.17, consistent with Bondi accretion of the interstellar medium (of initial number density nISM=n0  cm3n_{\rm ISM}=n_0\;{\rm cm^{-3}} and sound speed cs=cs,6106  cms1c_s=c_{s,6}10^6\;{\rm cm\,s^{-1}}) for which n(r)nISM(r/RB)3/2n(r)\approx n_{\rm ISM}(r/R_{\rm B})^{-3/2} within the Bondi radius RBR_{\rm B}. Moreover, we use the implied density normalization to infer the IMBH mass within this model, finding M(6.552.29+3.51)×103n02/3cs,62(1+M2)  MM_\bullet\approx\left(6.55^{+3.51}_{-2.29}\right)\times10^3\,n_0^{-2/3}\,c_{s,6}^{2}(1+\mathcal{M}^2)\;M_\odot where MvBH/cs\mathcal{M}\equiv v_{\rm BH}/c_s is the IMBH's Mach number relative to the ISM. Together with an upper limit on M<c3GtMV1+z5×104MM_\bullet<\frac{c^3}{G}\frac{t_{\rm MV}}{1+z} \lesssim5\times10^4\,M_\odot from the source-frame minimum variability time tMV,src ⁣= ⁣tMV1+z ⁣ ⁣0.5  t_{\rm MV,src}\!=\!\frac{t_{\rm MV}}{1+z}\!\approx\!0.5\;s this implies vBH28n01/3  km  s1v_{\rm BH}\lesssim 28\,n_0^{1/3}\;{\rm km\;s^{-1}}. We show that a mTDE of a main-sequence star (but not of a white dwarf) can explain the duration and energetics of GRB  \;250702B. The gradual rise to the peak may be caused by gradual circularization and accretion disk buildup, leading to an increase in the jet's power and Lorentz factor.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2512.14847,
  title  = {A milli-Tidal Disruption Event Model for GRB$\;$250702B: Main Sequence Star Disrupted by an IMBH},
  author = {Jonathan Granot and Hagai B. Perets and Ramandeep Gill and Paz Beniamini and Brendan O'Connor},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2512.14847},
  year   = {2025}
}

Comments

15 pages, 3 figures, submitted