Accurate characterisation of margins in excised breast cancer tumours is critical to the success of surgical interventions, yet margin status is typically confirmed post-operatively using histopathology. Here we present a new approach to intraoperative margin assessment based on microwave single pixel imaging, demonstrating tissue phantom hydration mapping across large areas (~10 cm x 10 cm) at ~1 mm resolution. By leveraging the photo-induced change in microwave transparency of a silicon modulator placed under the sample, we map the microwave reflectivity and identify positive margins with deeply sub-wavelength resolution. We test the discriminatory capabilities of our approach using gelatine-based tumour phantoms with variations in water density representative of the margin and cancerous tissues of a resected tumour. We demonstrate the capability to identify, locate and quantify inadequate margins up to the typically targeted minimum thickness of 2 mm. Furthermore, using numerical modelling, we show that our approach is expected to be resilient to patient-specific tissue differences. Our technique has potential for future deployment as a real-time intraoperative tissue margin analysis tool.
@article{arxiv.2604.21636,
title = {A microwave super-resolution imaging approach towards breast cancer margin mapping},
author = {Harry Penketh and Sonal Saxena and Michal Mrnka and Cameron P. Gallagher and Caitlin Lloyd and Diksha Garg and Christopher R. Lawrence and Nicholas E. Grant and John D. Murphy and David B. Phillips and Ian R. Hooper and Nick Stone and Euan Hendry},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2604.21636},
year = {2026}
}