A chromatic approach to homological stability

We propose a way to organise the subject of ``higher-order homological stability'', in the context of a graded $E_2$-algebra $\mathbf{R}$, along the same lines that the chromatic perspective organises stable homotopy theory. From this point of view proving a (higher-order) homological stability theorem corresponds to producing Smith--Toda complexes in the category of $\mathbf{R}$-modules: using this perspective we prove that whenever $\mathbf{R}$ is defined over a field of positive characteristic and satisfies some standard properties, there is a sequence of higher-order homological stability theorems whose slopes tend to 1. We propose that in a higher-order stable range the ``stable homology'' should be interpreted as certain Bousfield localisations in the category of $\mathbf{R}$-modules, leading to a chromatic tower and monochromatic layers. Given the existence of suitable Smith--Toda complexes we establish several properties of these localisations, in particular explaining how higher-order stabilisation maps yield periodic families in the monochromatic layers. We explain how to associate to such an $\mathbf{R}$ a Hopf algebra which completely governs the kinds of higher-order stability maps that it enjoys, in the sense that the cohomology of this Hopf algebra has precisely the same stability patterns as $\mathbf{R}$. When $\mathbf{R}$ comes from a sequence of groups, this Hopf algebra has a concrete description as the coinvariants of the $E_1$-Steinberg modules.