A-3PO: Accelerating Asynchronous LLM Training with Staleness-aware Proximal Policy Approximation
Abstract
Decoupled PPO has been a successful reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm to deal with the high data staleness under the asynchronous RL setting. Decoupled loss used in decoupled PPO improves coupled-loss style of algorithms' (e.g., standard PPO, GRPO) learning stability by introducing a proximal policy to decouple the off-policy correction (importance weight) from the policy update constraint (trust region). However, the proximal policy requires an extra forward pass through the model at each training step, creating a computational overhead for large language models training. We observe that since the proximal policy only serves as a trust region anchor between the behavior and target policies, we can approximate it through simple interpolation without explicit computation. We call this approach A-3PO (APproximated Proximal Policy Optimization). A-3PO eliminates this overhead, accelerating training by 1.8x speedup while maintaining comparable performance. Code \& off-the-shelf example are contributed to the open-source RL training system AReaL at: https://github.com/inclusionAI/AReaL/blob/v1.0.0.rc1/docs/algorithms/prox_approx.md
Cite
@article{arxiv.2512.06547,
title = {A-3PO: Accelerating Asynchronous LLM Training with Staleness-aware Proximal Policy Approximation},
author = {Xiaocan Li and Shiliang Wu and Zheng Shen},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2512.06547},
year = {2026}
}