We present an 870 μm continuum survey of 300 protostars from the Herschel Orion Protostar Survey using the Atacama Compact Array (ACA). These data measure protostellar flux densities on envelope scales ≤8000 au (20") and resolve the structure of envelopes with 1600 au (4") resolution, a factor of 3-5 improvement in angular resolution over existing single-dish 870 μm observations. We compare the ACA observations to Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array 12 m array observations at 870 μm with ∼0.1 (40 au) resolution. Using the 12 m data to measure the fluxes from disks and the ACA data within 2500 au to measure the combined disk plus envelope fluxes, we calculate the 12 m/ACA 870 μm flux ratios. Our sample shows a clear evolution in this ratio. Class 0 protostars are mostly envelope-dominated with ratios <0.5. In contrast, Flat Spectrum protostars are primarily disk-dominated with ratios near 1, although with a number of face-on protostars dominated by their envelopes. Class I protostars span the range from envelope to disk-dominated. The increase in ratio is accompanied by a decrease in the envelope fluxes and estimated mass infall rates. We estimate that 80% of the mass is accreted during the envelope-dominated phase. We find that the 12 m/ACA flux ratio is an evolutionary indicator that largely avoids the inclination and foreground extinction dependence of spectral energy distribution-based indicators.
@article{arxiv.2210.07925,
title = {300: An ACA 870 $\mu$m Continuum Survey of Orion Protostars and their Evolution},
author = {Samuel Federman and S. Thomas Megeath and John J. Tobin and Patrick D. Sheehan and Riwaj Pokhrel and Nolan Habel and Amelia M. Stutz and William J. Fischer and Lee Hartmann and Thomas Stanke and Mayank Narang and Mayra Osorio and Prabhani Atnagulov and Rohan Rahatgaonkar},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2210.07925},
year = {2023}
}