Homequant-pharXiv:2605.30301

Improved sample complexity bound for sample-based Lindbladian simulation

quant-ph2026-05v1license

Abstract

We establish improved sample-complexity bounds for sample-based Lindbladian simulation based on the Wave Matrix Lindbladization (WML) algorithm. For a jump operator LL with dimension dd, we derive an explicit non-asymptotic sample complexity bound nd(t,ε)(2d+38)L2(t2ε)n_d^*(t,\varepsilon) \le \left( \frac{2d+3}{8} \right) \|L\|_\infty^2 \left( \frac{t^2}{\varepsilon} \right), holding for simulation time tt and error ε\varepsilon. This refines the dimension dependence of the best previously known bound, O(d2t2/ε)O(d^2 t^2/\varepsilon), from [Go et al., Quantum Sci. Tech. 10, 045058 (2025)]. Remarkably, we show that this dimensional overhead can be entirely avoided when L2=O(1/d)\| L\|_\infty^2 = O(1/d), a condition satisfied with high probability for random Lindblad operators, yielding a typical-case sample complexity of O(t2/ε)O(t^2/\varepsilon). On the other hand, in the worst case, we show that WML necessarily requires Ω(dt2/ε)\Omega(dt^2/\varepsilon) samples by constructing an explicit example with a rank-one Lindblad operator. Our results reveal a sharp dichotomy between typical and adversarial sample complexities in Lindbladian simulation, thereby strengthening the theoretical foundations of sample-based quantum algorithms.

Comments: 31 pages

Cite

@article{arxiv.2605.30301,
  title  = {Improved sample complexity bound for sample-based Lindbladian simulation},
  author = {Siheon Park and Youngjin Seo and Byeongseon Go and Dhrumil Patel and Mark M. Wilde and Hyukjoon Kwon},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2605.30301},
  year   = {2026}
}