Gaussian Differentially Private $e$-values: Construction, Threshold Calibration, and Multiple Testing
Abstract
This paper develops a framework for differentially private -values under Gaussian differential privacy (-GDP). We characterize the canonical noise mechanism, establishing that optimal multiplicative perturbation follows a Gaussian distribution. Using this distribution, we derive a globally sharp rejection threshold that strictly improves upon the standard Markov bound. Asymptotic analysis shows that in low-sensitivity regimes, the calibrated private test achieves a net power gain over the non-private baseline. For multiple testing, we introduce a recursive peeling algorithm that adaptively concentrates the privacy budget on the most promising hypotheses. This construction guarantees rigorous -GDP and yields valid private -values compatible with standard multiple testing procedures. Simulations and a genome-wide association study confirm that the method controls the false discovery rate while improving upon naive all-noisy privatization and recovering power close to non-private benchmarks.
Cite
@article{arxiv.2605.29388,
title = {Gaussian Differentially Private $e$-values: Construction, Threshold Calibration, and Multiple Testing},
author = {Qi Kuang and Bowen Gang and Yin Xia},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2605.29388},
year = {2026}
}